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Nephrology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary system. Nephrologists diagnose and treat conditions related to the kidneys, kidney stones, and hypertension.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their function over time. CKD can lead to kidney failure if not properly managed. Early stages of CKD may have no noticeable symptoms, which is why regular kidney function tests are important.

Symptoms of kidney disease may include:

• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Fatigue or feeling weak
• Nausea or vomiting
• Blood in the urine or foamy urine
• Persistent high blood pressure

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult with a nephrologist.

Kidney disease is typically diagnosed through blood tests (such as the serum creatinine test) and urine tests. These tests measure the levels of waste products in the blood and check for abnormalities in urine, such as protein or blood.

Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer filter waste products from the blood effectively. This can lead to a buildup of toxins and fluid in the body. Kidney failure can be acute (temporary) or chronic (long-term), and it often requires dialysis or a kidney transplant in severe cases.

Dialysis is a treatment that helps filter waste and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions. It is typically needed when kidney function declines to around 15% or less. There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis (which uses a machine to filter the blood) and peritoneal dialysis (which uses the lining of the abdomen to filter waste).

While not all kidney disease is preventable, managing risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of developing kidney issues. Maintaining a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, staying hydrated, and avoiding smoking or excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to kidney health.

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can cause severe pain when they pass through the urinary tract. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone and can range from increased fluid intake to medication, and in some cases, surgery or other procedures to remove the stone. While not all kidney disease is preventable, managing risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of developing kidney issues. Maintaining a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, staying hydrated, and avoiding smoking or excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to kidney health.

High blood pressure (hypertension) can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to function properly. In turn, kidney disease can also cause high blood pressure, creating a vicious cycle. Managing both conditions together is essential to prevent further damage to the kidneys.